The chief provincial veterinarian’s office said it was informed by a private veterinarian on Feb. 24 of a suspected case of PED at a farrow-to-finish operation in southern Alberta, with no other cases reported or detected since then.

As of March 10, the province said in a statement, its investigation “continues to find that this is a single, isolated case” and environmental surveillance is still showing negative results. On the affected farm, “the virus elimination process is moving along well.”

Compared to Manitoba and Ontario, both of which have continued to see cases of PED in hogs, Alberta’s hog sector has been relatively unscathed by the disease. Four premises were affected in an outbreak over the first three months of 2019 in the Drumheller and Lethbridge areas; no other cases had been seen in Alberta hogs before or since.

The province said its investigation has looked further into potential sources of the virus at the farm, but cautioned that “pinpointing a source with full confidence is not always possible,” as was the case in 2019.

In the February case, “two likely possibilities have been found, but neither can be ruled as more likely than the other,” the province said.

Testing done at the farm suggested a feed ingredient, given to hogs in the area where disease was initially noticed, could be a potential source, the province said.

The other identified potential source, the province said, was fomites — that is, inanimate objects, such as tools or clothes, on which pathogens can be carried and transferred to new hosts — which were known to have been moved into the barn “in the immediate vicinity where disease initially broke.”

Either way, the province said, both potential sources “serve as a reminder for the importance of implementing a comprehensive biosecurity plan, including feed storage, fomites and people movement.”

The province’s environmental surveillance program for PED has since been “enhanced in key high-traffic swine sites,” the government said, and “all results to date remain negative.”

The coronavirus that causes PED can affect hogs at any age, leading to watery diarrhea and vomiting. It’s most damaging, however, on farrowing operations, as it’s very often fatal to newborn pigs under seven to 10 days old.

PEDv is not known to affect people or any other species and is not considered a food safety issue.

Since it first arrived in Canada on an Ontario farm in 2014, PED has been seen in hogs in four other provinces besides Alberta. Manitoba so far in 2022 alone has seen 55 premises with PED-infected hogs, most recently two finisher barns confirmed with the disease last Friday (April 1).

Ontario so far in 2022 alone has reported seven premises with PED-infected hogs — most recently a nursery barn in Huron County confirmed Wednesday — and two premises with a related disease, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV).

Quebec and Prince Edward Island also each reported cases following the disease’s arrival in Canada. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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Manitoba Pork announced Wednesday that the last of the premises to report a PED outbreak in that province in 2020 has now achieved “presumptive negative” status.

Manitoba has reported 192 premises with PED since the disease arrived there in 2014. But no hog herds in the province are currently reporting positive for the disease, the agency said.

“Coming into spring 2021, it is critical that we do not let our guard down and enhance biosecurity on our farms to prevent PED and any other pathogen from entering the farm,” Manitoba Pork said Wednesday.

In Ontario, where the PED virus (PEDv) was first confirmed in Canada in January 2014 and went on to cause outbreaks at over 150 sites, just four farms are currently considered positive for PED, according to Swine Health Ontario.

Those include a farrow-to-finish operation and a finishing farm in Lambton County, a farrow-to-finish site at Middlesex and another hog operation in the Niagara region.

As of Dec. 29, 2020, Quebec was reporting just one site positive for PED, a finishing operation in the Estrie that had been confirmed on May 7 last year.

Alberta has had just four PED outbreaks in hogs, all in early 2019, and all of which have since been deemed presumptive negative, according to the Canada West Swine Health Intelligence Network. Prince Edward Island, the only other affected province, had just one outbreak in 2014 in a herd since deemed negative.

According to Manitoba Agriculture, a hog farm which has previously been confirmed positive for PED can be deemed “presumptive negative” after the farm has put measures in place to eliminate PEDv from all pigs and pig contact areas and the virus is confirmed absent through repeated animal and environmental testing.

Depending on herd type and stage of production, a PED-infected premises can take four to six months to reach presumptive-negative status, but PED risk may still remain in the manure storage system on a presumptive-negative farm, the province said.

The coronavirus that causes PED can affect hogs at any age, leading to watery diarrhea and vomiting. It’s most damaging on farrowing operations, as it’s often fatal to newborn pigs under seven to 10 days old.

PEDv is not known to affect people or any other species and is not considered a food safety issue. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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The changes have meant world-leading restrictions on feed imports to Canada and a decline in imports of soybean meal into the U.S. from areas of major swine diseases. It’s also meant that some large farms are adopting supplier-to-farm biosecurity systems for feed components.

Why it matters: Foreign animal diseases are a serious threat to the viability of livestock farms in Canada and biosecurity is one of the methods of reducing risk.

The first researcher to find that Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) could be carried in feed seven years ago says recent research has created similar concern about African swine fever (ASF).

Dr. Scott Dee, who works for Pipestone, said that Canada has done a good job of restricting feed imports to limit risk of the disease. He singled out veterinarians Dr. Egan Brockoff from Alberta and Dr. Doug MacDougald of Southwestern Ontario Veterinary Services as leaders in developing systems to block feed ingredient imports from at-risk countries and improve biosecurity protocols for all imported feed.

ASF is a highly destructive disease that has devastated swine herds in China and some European countries. It’s arrival in North America would close borders in a sector that is highly dependent on exports.

Dee told the recent Banff Swine Seminar that China is rapidly rebuilding its swine herd and there is a lot of money involved.

“Gilts, anything that breeds, is going for $600 to $800 no matter the genetics,” he said. Cost of production for gilts is about $100, “so there are big bucks to be made.”

Pipestone, the largest swine veterinary practice in the U.S., also provides management services for hog farms. It manages a 70,000-sow system in China, so it has a decent idea of what’s happening there, and Dee says it’s accepted in China that there’s transmission of ASF in feed.

Modelling ASF movement

Dee is part of a group of American epidemiologists and virologists that is modelling and tracking how ASF could be spread in North America.

They include virologist Megan Neiderwerder at Kansas State University who has shown that ASF can be spread in water and in complete feeds.

Feed is more of a concern, says Dee, because the dose of virus that pigs get in water is lower than they would get in feed. Pigs will eat many times per day and it is number of consumption sessions that increases risk, not volume, he says.

Nine ingredients in hog feed were found to carry ASF, and many of them, at some volume, are imported.

Soybean meal is the biggest concern, compared to nutrients like amino acids, as it arrives at greater volume. In the United States imported soybean meal comes from three main countries, China, Ukraine and Russia — all with major issues with ASF.

Dee says it’s surprising that the United States – one of the world’s leading producers of soybeans – would have to import any soybean meal, but it is for specialty markets. Most of the imports from Ukraine were labelled as organic. The United States doesn’t produce enough organic soybeans to meet the needs of organic livestock.

“Putting our agriculture sector at risk due to 104,000 metric tonnes of soy is crazy,” said Dee.

Since 2018, however, Dee says the imports of soybean meal have declined significantly, a result he believes comes from the risk information he and his colleagues have communicated.

Imports from China are easy to track as they mostly arrive through San Francisco. Imports from Ukraine are more challenging as they can arrive anywhere from New York, to New Orleans to Charlotte, NC.

Feed mill dust and ASF

Dee has worked with a group in China that is examining how ASF moves in feed during an outbreak. Out of 28,000 samples of complete feed tested at three commercial feed mills, one per cent tested positive at one mill.

In tests of ingredients, two per cent of corn, wheat, rice and soybeans tested positive.

He says this is the first evidence of ASF viral DNA found in a feed system during an epidemic. There’s evidence in Brazil that senecavirus was found in the feed system too.

He says China has tightened up its grain handling practices to limit exposure of grain to the environment.

At the same time as the Banff Swine Seminar in early January, a truck was making its way around the United States, on a grand tour from Minnesota, Colorado, to Texas, to Florida, up the east coast and then back under the Great Lakes to Minnesota. The feed on board had been contaminated with PRRS, PED and Senecavirus. After a 21-day drive and almost-10,000 km trip, the samples will be tested to see which viruses survived.

Feed biosecurity tightened

There’s overwhelming financial advantage in importing large volumes of certain feed additives from China, so instead of stopping that practice, Dee says Pipestone set up a system for amino acids and vitamins that has built-in biosecurity protocols that are audited right from the manufacturing plant in China to warehouses and shipping all along the chain into the United States.

SAM Nutrition, an American company has embraced what Dee calls “responsible importing” and when the product arrives from China, it is stored in a quarantine room in a warehouse.

It costs Pipestone about three cents per pound to pay for the increased biosecurity, but importing from China saves them from five to 15 cents per pound.

What are Canada’s new import controls?

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has strong import controls for live animals coming into the country under the Health of Animals Act, but had no import controls over plant material for livestock feed.

As a result, the CFIA says a new policy was created that allowed marine ports to be declared secondary control zones relating to plant material livestock feed imports.

Grains and oilseeds and their ground products (such as soybean meal), from a list of countries that have had ASF in the past five years and haven’t been declared clear of the disease, are subject to restrictions.

Import permits have to be obtained before such products can be imported.

Questionnaires for importers include queries on everything from plant products involved in the feed, the temperature at which the feed or ingredient is processed at the plant where it is made and what other products the feed or ingredient it will come in contact with during transportation.

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The chief provincial veterinarian’s office (OCPV) on Monday reported that the agriculture department’s lab in Edmonton on Jan. 22 found a weak PED positive in a sample taken via the provincial environmental surveillance program.

That said, no new cases of PED have been found in hogs on Alberta farms to go with that environmental positive, the provincial government noted in a separate notice.

The province has “promptly implemented the Alberta response plan to investigate potential sources of this weak positive result” and “actions have been taken at the sampling site to mitigate any further risks of potential exposure,” the OCPV said in a statement for hog producers.

“This finding demonstrates the value of the surveillance program in providing early detections of the virus and reinforcing the risk that remains out there,” the OCPV said.

It also “serves as a reminder that at any time, a site that receives pigs faces continuing threat to be contaminated and test positive, which reinforces the importance of biosecurity at the farm level being maintained as the last line of defense for your herds.”

Alberta was relatively untouched by PED up until 2019, when four cases were confirmed in hogs on Alberta farms between January and March, but no further such cases have since appeared.

Producers and “industry partners directly affected by this discovery” have been notified, Alberta Pork said in a separate statement Monday, noting “all relevant parties are co-operating.”

Alberta Pork, in the same statement, again urged producers to “always practice proper biosecurity on-farm and during animal transportation” and to “properly” wash transport trailers and equipment.

All swine manifests, including farm-to-farm movements, should be submitted to Alberta Pork “in a timely manner,” the hog producer agency said, as biosecurity and traceability are “important parts of effective disease prevention.”

The PED virus (PEDv) does not affect people and is not a food safety risk. It causes diarrhea and vomiting in pigs and can lead to high mortality rates in herds of very young pigs not previously exposed.

PEDv spreads usually by direct contact between infected and non-infected hogs but can also be tracked in on clothing, boots, vehicles, equipment or other items that contacted feces from infected animals.

PED is not a federally regulated disease, but is provincially regulated in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec and Ontario. The virus’ first confirmed appearance in Canada was on an Ontario farm in 2014 and on-farm cases since then have mainly been in Ontario and Manitoba.

The most recent of Ontario’s on-farm cases appeared last month and earlier this month in Oxford and Perth counties respectively. Manitoba confirmed its most recent case in a nursery barn in its southeast region in November. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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The provincial agriculture ministry confirmed the new case Friday, marking Quebec’s first since May 2015 and its 17th since the disease first appeared in the province in February 2014.

The Monteregie, the region of southwestern Quebec on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, has been home to all but two of Quebec’s PED cases.

Le Bulletin des agriculteurs reported Tuesday that the hog operation, with about 3,700 weanling pigs, is in the St-Damase area just south of St-Hyacinthe and has been quarantined.

The weanlings at the farm all came from the same farrowing operation, Le Bulletin said, noting no clinical signs of the disease had been seen at the farrowing site but tests were underway to confirm its PED status.

Caused by a coronavirus, PED leads to severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in affected pigs and can infect up to 100 per cent of a previously unexposed herd, with mortality rates of up to 100 per cent in very young suckling piglets.

According to Quebec’s provincial swine health team (EQSP), the disease presents in weanlings and growing hogs as widespread diarrhea, vomiting and loss of appetite, with mortality rates of one to five per cent in infected groups. In fully-grown adult hogs, mortality rates run below one per cent.

PED is known to be infectious only to swine and is not considered a food safety or human health risk.

Quebec’s ag ministry, on its website, urged producers to immediately contact their veterinarians if clinical signs of PED appear among hogs in their barns, and also to call the EQSP at 1-866-218-3042.

Elsewhere in Canada, Ontario has seen 124 on-farm PED outbreaks since 2014, including seven since the beginning of 2019; its three most recent cases were confirmed Feb. 20.

Manitoba, which has had 108 such cases since 2014, has confirmed two so far in 2019, the most recent on March 7.

Alberta has confirmed just four such outbreaks in its hog herd, all in the last three months. Prince Edward Island reported one outbreak in 2015.

Saskatchewan has turned up environmental samples of the PED virus, but no cases in hogs to date.

Following the appearance of PED in Alberta, Saskatchewan’s ag ministry reiterated it’s important to treat all commingling sites, such as assembly yards and packing plants, as potentially contaminated with PED; all transports should be “thoroughly cleaned and disinfected” before returning to the farm.

“If you have not reviewed your biosecurity protocols with your veterinarian lately, now is the time to do it,” the Saskatchewan ministry said. –– Glacier FarmMedia Network

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Officials with the provincial ag department and Alberta Pork haven’t said where the fourth case is located, nor how far it is from the three southern Alberta properties where outbreaks in hogs were also found so far this year.

Any producers within a 60-km buffer zone surrounding the fourth affected property “will be notified separately and provided additional biosecurity instruction,” Alberta Pork said in a statement Friday.

Past that, the ag department said Monday, “all producers in Alberta are advised to increase their biosecurity.”

The province’s three other cases so far were announced in January, February and earlier this month respectively, all on 300- to 600-sow farrow-to-finish operations. In all cases, Alberta Pork said Thursday in a separate release, pig movements were stopped “immediately” following discovery of the disease in hogs.

The first confirmed case was discovered on a farm northeast of Calgary, while the second and third were on farms near Lethbridge, about 30 km apart and about 300 km away from the first case, provincial officials said.

No sources have yet been found for the virus’ arrival in the province and “any possible connection between the outbreaks remains uncertain.”

The first farm has since “emptied its inventory” while the second and third “are in the process of cleaning up and eliminating the disease while animals remain on-farm.”

Alberta Pork on Thursday quoted chief provincial veterinarian Keith Lehman as saying differences exist between Alberta and other known provinces where PED has been found.

Alberta’s hog farms, for example, are farther apart, and assembly yards “routinely test negative for diseases.”

Ontario, which has seen 124 on-farm PED outbreaks since 2014, has had seven since the beginning of 2019; its three most recent cases were confirmed Feb. 20. Manitoba, which has had 108 such cases since 2014, has confirmed two so far in 2019, the most recent on March 7.

PEDv is a coronavirus which leads to severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in affected pigs and can infect up to 100 per cent of a previously unexposed herd, with mortality rates of up to 100 per cent in very young suckling piglets.

A provincially reportable disease in Alberta since Canada’s first outbreaks in 2014, PED is known to be infectious only to swine and is not a food safety or human health risk. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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The provincial government and hog producer agency Alberta Pork on Monday announced the first of two cases reported Friday was in fact a “false positive.”

Specifically, Alberta Pork said Monday, the investigating lab in the third case “identified the virus in a sample, but pigs at the formerly-suspected affected premise have shown no signs of illness.”

False positives, the agency said, are “infrequent but can be expected occasionally in disease investigations, due to the sensitivity and concern for positive results.”

“Investigation into possible explanations around these results is underway,” the province said in a separate statement Monday.

Alberta Pork said it apologized for “any confusion or alarm” resulting from Friday’s notice.

As of now, Alberta Pork said, “we can confirm three outbreaks of PED in Alberta in 2019” so far. Those include the other case reported Friday as well as the cases confirmed Jan. 7 and Feb. 21.

The province and other stakeholders are “monitoring the situation to determine a source for all outbreaks, but none have been found yet,” the agency said.

Any possible connection between the three outbreaks “remains uncertain,” the agency added.

Neither the province nor Alberta Pork have yet said whether Friday’s confirmed case is geographically close to either of the first two.

The February case, however, is “far away” from the January case, Alberta Pork’s quality assurance and production manager Javier Bahamon said Feb. 22 via email.

Alberta’s hog herd, up until January, had managed to avoid any on-farm outbreaks of PED. Almost 250 other on-farm PED outbreaks have been confirmed in Canada since its arrival in early 2014, mostly on hog operations in southern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba.

The PED virus (PEDv) is a coronavirus which, once introduced in a herd, causes vomiting, watery diarrhea and dehydration in infected hogs. Mortality rates run up to 100 per cent in infected nursing-age piglets but are much lower in growing hogs, which generally present with milder diarrhea. There is no known human health risk or food safety risk associated with PED. –– Glacier FarmMedia Network

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Alberta, which until January was one of the remaining hog-producing provinces clear of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), is now up to four cases in three months.

The provincial agriculture department and hog producer agency Alberta Pork on Friday announced confirmation of the province’s third and fourth on-farm outbreaks of PED.

Few details were made available Friday, other than that the farms in both cases have “stopped movement of all pigs” and put “full bio-containment” in place.

Neither the ag department nor Alberta Pork said Friday whether either of the new cases were geographically close to each other or to either of the sites of the first two outbreaks , which were confirmed in January and February respectively.

The province on Friday also advised all hog producers in Alberta to “increase their biosecurity at this time.”

Alberta Pork said Friday the province’s producers are encouraged to “submit all swine manifests, including farm-to-farm movements, in a timely manner.”

Any off-farm site such as an abattoir “should be considered as a potential source for bringing disease to your herd,” the agency reiterated Friday in a separate release, also urging producers to review their farms’ biosecurity policies regularly.

“Producers should also consult their herd veterinarians before making shipping decisions as a precaution if herd health issues are suspected.”

Provincial stakeholders have been monitoring the situation to try to find a source for the outbreaks, but no source has yet been found, Alberta Pork said.

PED remains a provincially reportable disease in Alberta; producers and veterinarians are thus required to notify the Office of the Chief Provincial Veterinarian (OCPV) of all suspected or confirmed cases.

The PED virus (PEDv) is a coronavirus which, once introduced in a herd, causes vomiting, watery diarrhea and dehydration in infected hogs. Mortality rates run up to 100 per cent in infected nursing-age piglets but are much lower in growing hogs, which generally present with milder diarrhea. There is no known human health risk or food safety risk associated with PED.

PED made its first on-farm Canadian appearance in Ontario in January 2014. Since then, Ontario has confirmed outbreaks at 124 hog operations; its three most recent cases were confirmed Feb. 20 in Huron and Perth counties.

Manitoba has confirmed 107 such cases from 2014 up to the end of 2018, nearly all in that province’s southeast.

Quebec has reported 16 outbreaks since 2014, most recently in the Centre-du-Quebec region in April 2015 but mainly in the Monteregie. Prince Edward Island reported one outbreak in 2015. Saskatchewan has turned up environmental samples of PEDv, but no cases in hogs to date. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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Officials with Alberta Agriculture and Forestry on Friday announced they’ve confirmed and are investigating a new PED outbreak at a 600-head farrow-to-finish hog operation at an unspecified location.

“At this time, it is uncertain whether the first and second reported cases of PED are linked in any way,” Alberta Pork, the province’s hog producer agency, said in a separate release Friday.

Both Alberta Pork and provincial veterinary epidemiologist Dr. Julia Keenliside have confirmed the second case is not geographically close to the first, which was detected early last month on a 400-sow farrow-to-finish operation in central Alberta.

Pig traffic to and from the second site “has been stopped and enhanced biosecurity is being implemented,” the province said.

Beyond the two properties, Alberta Pork said “strict biosecurity protocols” are of utmost importance in limiting PED’s impact.

“It is especially critical during this outbreak that producers consider enhancing biosecurity on-farm and in animal transportation,” Alberta Pork said. “Producers are encouraged to submit all swine manifests, including farm-to-farm movements, in a timely manner.”

Off-farm sites such as abattoirs “should be considered as a potential source for bringing disease to your herd,” the agency added. “Producers should also consult their herd veterinarians before making shipping decisions as a precaution if herd health issues are suspected.”

Keenliside, in a phone interview Friday afternoon, hailed both the producer and the farm’s veterinarian in the second case for acting quickly when symptoms were detected, and for their co-operation in the investigation.

PED remains a provincially reportable disease in Alberta; producers and veterinarians are thus required to notify the Office of the Chief Provincial Veterinarian (OCPV) of all suspected or confirmed cases, the province said.

“If you suspect your pigs may be infected, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible.”

The PED virus (PEDv) is a coronavirus which, once introduced in a herd, causes vomiting, watery diarrhea and dehydration in infected hogs. Mortality rates run up to 100 per cent in infected nursing-age piglets but are much lower in growing hogs, which generally present with milder diarrhea.

There is no human health risk or food safety risk associated with PED, the province and Alberta Pork reiterated Friday.

The province had said Feb. 7 it was preparing to allow animal shipments to restart on a supervised basis from the first affected farm. Its investigation, it said then, “continues to suggest that the incident is limited to one farm, with no evidence of spread off of the farm.”

Environmental sampling at high-traffic sites in Alberta, such as assembly yards, abattoirs, truck wash stations and stock trailers, was all turning up negative for PED, the province said at the time.

PED made its first on-farm Canadian appearance in Ontario in January 2014. Since then, Ontario has confirmed outbreaks at 123 hog operations; its two most recent cases were confirmed Thursday at a farrow-to-finish and a finisher operation in Huron County.

Manitoba has seen over 100 infected premises since 2014, nearly all in the province’s southeast.

Quebec has reported 16 outbreaks since 2014, most recently in the Centre-du-Quebec region in April 2015 but mainly in the Monteregie. Prince Edward Island reported one outbreak in 2015. Saskatchewan has turned up environmental samples of PEDv, but no cases in hogs to date. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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The provincial ag ministry on Thursday said its investigation of the PED case, discovered Jan. 3 at a 400-head farrow-to finish operation, “continues to suggest that the incident is limited to one farm, with no evidence of spread off of the farm.”

Samples from the environmental sampling surveillance program at high-traffic sites in Alberta, such as assembly yards, abattoirs, truck wash stations and stock trailers, “continue to be negative for PED.”

The ag ministry, working with Alberta Pork, is still looking into possible sources for the infection, “but, as in previous outbreaks, there may be an inability to definitively identify a source,” the province said.

Extensive testing has so far explored and ruled out several theories, including introduction by animals or transports, Alberta Pork said in a separate release. “Unfortunately, no obvious source of introduction was found.”

So far, Alberta Pork added, there’s “no evidence to support other theories such as introduction by feed or equipment brought onto the farm.”

As for the farm’s hogs, none have left the farm since PED was first detected there, and provincial veterinarians and the herd’s vet have since made “several visits” to the farm, the province said.

All animals on the farm are in “good condition with sufficient space,” the province said, and are being observed for any ongoing signs of illness. Sampling is also still being run to see whether any of the animals are still infectious.

“Enhanced biosecurity measures” are also still in place to reduce the risk of the virus leaving the farm site, Alberta Pork said, adding that all producers “should always strictly uphold their own biosecurity protocols.”

The PED virus (PEDv) is a coronavirus which, once introduced in a herd, causes vomiting, watery diarrhea and dehydration in infected animals. Mortality rates run up to 100 per cent in infected nursing-age piglets but are much lower in growing hogs, which generally present with milder diarrhea.

The virus affects pigs but poses no risk to human health or food safety, and pork products remain safe for consumption, Alberta Pork reiterated. — Glacier FarmMedia Network

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