The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has finalized biofuel blending volumes at 20.94 billion gallons in 2023, 21.54 billion gallons in 2024 and 22.33 billion gallons in 2025. That compares with the initial proposal announced in December of 20.82 billion in 2023, 21.87 billion in 2024, and 22.68 billion in 2025.

But the finalized volumes include just 15 billion gallons of conventional biofuels like corn-based ethanol in all three years, plus a 250 million-gallon supplemental amount for 2023. That represents a decline from the initial proposal, which included 15 billion gallons of conventional biofuels in 2023 and 15.25 billion gallons in both 2024 and 2025.

The plan also has modest increases to biomass-based diesel volumes compared with the proposal, despite a major lobbying push from groups that produce biodiesel, renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel to boost volumes higher.

The announcement drew strong rebukes from ethanol and biodiesel advocates.

“The industry responded to signals from the Biden administration and Congress aiming to rapidly decarbonize U.S. fuel markets, particularly aviation, marine, and heavy-duty transport, and make clean fuels available to more consumers,” said Kurt Kovarik, vice-president of federal affairs with Clean Fuels, a biodiesel group. “The volumes EPA finalized today are not high enough to support those goals.”

Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Mike Naig said the finalized mandates fail to fully support benefits that biofuels can provide to farmers and consumers.

The Renewable Fuels Association called the reductions in ethanol mandates “inexplicable” and “unwarranted.”

The final rule marks a new phase in the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard program, which is more than a decade old and frequently pits the powerful oil and biofuel industries against each other. Under the RFS, oil refiners must blend billions of gallons of biofuels into the nation’s fuel mix, or buy tradable credits from those that do.

Ethanol producers and corn farmers like the mandates because they provide a market for their products, while the oil industry finds the requirements too pricey.

While Congress set out specific goals for the program through 2022, the law expands the EPA’s authority for 2023 and beyond to change the way the RFS is administered.

The EPA said the finalized rule would reduce reliance on foreign sources of oil by between 130,000 to 140,000 barrels per day over 2023-2025.

U.S. renewable fuel credit prices dropped eight per cent following the news, trading at $1.34 each from as much as $1.46 each the day prior, traders said (all figures US$). Biomass-based credits dropped to $1.38 each from $1.48 each the previous day.

The futures market fell sharply Wednesday in reaction to the lower-than-expected biofuel mandates, with most Chicago Board of Trade soyoil contracts locked down their daily four cent/lb. trading limit. The soyoil market had rallied to its highest in nearly 3-1/2 months last week.

Other provisions

The EPA also set out a series of regulatory changes in the final rule, in an effort to strengthen the agency’s implementation of the RFS program.

The agency will modify provisions for biogas-derived renewable fuels to ensure that biogas is produced from renewable biomass and used as a transportation fuel, as well as to allow for the use of biogas as a biointermediate.

Absent from the rule, however, was a much-anticipated pathway for electric vehicle manufacturers to generate lucrative credits under the RFS, though it was included in the original proposal in December. Reuters previously reported that the administration was planning to abandon the scheme over worries about lawsuits.

The plan would have given EV automakers, such as Tesla, credits for charging vehicles using power generated from renewable natural gas, or methane collected from sources such as cattle or landfills.

The EPA said on Wednesday it will continue to assess stakeholder comments it received on the EV scheme, and it will work on potential paths forward for it.

The American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers said it was pleased to see the EPA abandon the EV program, saying the RFS is a liquid fuels program that should not include electric vehicles.

— Reporting for Reuters by Stephanie Kelly and Jarrett Renshaw; additional reporting by Mark Weinraub.

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In his first speech to the nation as monarch on Friday evening, Charles warned his new role will now limit his activism.

“It will no longer be possible for me to give so much of my time and energies to the charities and issues for which I care so deeply,” he said in a televised address. “But I know this important work will go on in the trusted hands of others.”

Charles has been one of the highest-profile global proponents for protecting the planet in recent decades, from writing books and making speeches about nature to working with business to mobilize private finance to combat global warming.

At the U.N. COP26 climate conference in Glasgow last year, he said the world needed a “war-like footing” to tackle the “existential threat” of climate change and biodiversity loss.

Britain’s new figurehead has called for governments to use incentives and regulations to encourage private-sector investment in climate action, and for the value of nature to be recognized on companies’ balance sheets.

However, as king under a constitutional monarchy in Britain, Charles is expected to remain politically neutral.

The Thomson Reuters Foundation spoke to several experts about what that might mean for his climate advocacy.

What did Charles do for the environment as Prince of Wales?

While heir to the throne, Charles was an active campaigner for the environment over more than five decades.

In 1970, aged 21, he gave his first major speech on the issue, warning of the dangerous effects of plastic pollution.

“He’s been talking about these issues for a long time, way before they became mainstream,” said Ed Matthew, campaigns director of think-tank E3G.

In this manner, Charles played a “vital diplomatic role” to raise awareness, Matthew added.

Along with speeches on the global stage, Charles has worked with actors from the public, private and non-profit sectors.

He established the International Sustainability Unit in 2010 to address challenges such as protecting rainforests and marine ecosystems, and last year launched a new charter of sustainable actions for companies to sign called “Terra Carta.”

“I have laboured for so many years to bring this issue to the forefront of international consciousness – not just with words, but with practical action,” said the then-prince in a speech in May in Yellowknife, N.W.T.

Back home, Matthew said Charles’ influence has been particularly valuable because — while being apolitical — he appeals to conservatives, in a similar vein to environmentalist David Attenborough, on an issue more often highlighted by the left.

“To make sure we go for really ambitious climate action in the U.K., we need the conservative case for climate change to be made,” Matthew said.

During the race to become Britain’s next prime minister — won by Liz Truss — activists criticized the lack of attention paid to climate issues by the ruling Conservatives.

What are King Charles’ views on climate change?

Environmental campaigner Tony Juniper first met Charles in the early 1990s, and has worked with him on projects including the 2010 book Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World.

“I think he probably has been about the most effective environmentalist in history,” said Juniper, who chairs Natural England, the government’s advisory body for the environment.

He explained that a key idea Charles has advanced is the interconnection between humans and nature, expressed in depth in the book Harmony, which Juniper helped to write.

“One of the most important unique contributions that he’s brought is this holistic perspective … the need to keep all the different pieces of the jigsaw in view,” he said.

In an interview in December 2020, Charles said humans are “a microcosm of the macrocosm” when it comes to nature.

“If we go on exploiting the way we are, whatever we do to nature – however much we pollute her — we do to ourselves. It is insanity,” he told the BBC.

However, Charles has been accused of hypocrisy due to his use of private jets and helicopters, whose planet-heating emissions are much higher than other forms of transport and significantly more per passenger than commercial flights.

During the 2021-22 financial year as Prince of Wales, he took regular private flights domestically, as shown by royal financial statements.

Will Charles be able to advocate for the climate as monarch?

While Queen Elizabeth II strictly guarded her personal views, Charles has faced criticism for expressing political opinions – and analysts say he will have to be more careful now.

In the view of the media, Elizabeth was “untouchable”, and it is “unknown territory” how they will react to King Charles, said Richard Black, a former BBC environment correspondent and founder of the non-profit Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit.

Black said Charles will be restricted by two main things: the pressures on his time due to the ceremonial duties of a king, and the likely scrutiny of his political neutrality.

This will make more hands-on work with businesses and in politics harder, but there are some environmental actions with little potential for controversy, he said.

For example, to mark Elizabeth’s 2022 Platinum Jubilee celebrations after 70 years on the throne, the Queen’s Green Canopy initiative was launched to encourage people to plant trees.

Black added that, in many ways, Charles has already done his bit in helping to build public awareness around climate and nature issues — which is now well-established.

“One thing you have to praise him for has been his courage and consistency,” he said.

“Whatever he does during his time as king, there’s no doubt in my view that he’s made quite a contribution already.”

How could Charles make a difference given the obstacles?

As king, Charles could have an even larger influence — whether through speeches and behind-the-scenes meetings with world leaders, or private audiences with the UK prime minister.

On a personal level, he could lead by example, such as with his efforts to make the royal household greener.

Charles has been tracking and publishing his carbon footprint since 2007, making several changes such as installing biomass boilers and solar panels at his homes and converting his Aston Martin to run on surplus wine and whey from cheesemaking.

And to help avoid controversy, King Charles could pass some projects onto family members, with his son Prince William also expressing a keen interest in environmental issues.

How to execute the role of monarch is up to the individual, said Juniper, the environmental campaigner, so Charles might need some time to figure it out.

“As far as I know, there is no job description for king.”

— Reporting by Jack Graham for the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers the lives of people around the world who struggle to live freely or fairly.

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Kittell said three factors spurred him and his father-in-law John Henderson, to research a different way to dry grain on their Mount Brydges farm by replacing their four-year-old propane dryer. 

Why it matters: The rising costs of fossil fuels compounded by Canada’s carbon pricing scheme has the Ontario agriculture sector looking for cost-saving opportunities, including investing in biomass fuel grain driers and heating options. 

Three factors encouraged Kittell and Henderson to investigate alternatives to fossil fuels for grain drying; natural gas was not available, the cost of propane doubled, and the addition of a carbon tax made it untenable.

They began researching BioDryAir biomass dryer by Manitoba’s Triple Green Products. 

“This is their first go at drying grain. A year ago, they put one in at a test site in Manitoba and made it work. We went to visit it (the prototype), and that sold us on the concept,” said Kittell. 

“It took some doing to get it fine-tuned enough that it was going to work here, and by the end of the season, we had it working like a Swiss watch.” 

Financial incentives like the federal Agricultural Clean Technology Program (ACT) spur the adoption of alternative fuel systems and investment in on-farm infrastructure required to make them profitable. 

Developed for the mining sector over a decade ago, Lyall Wiebe, co-founder and general manager of Triple Green Products, said they began adapting BioDryAir for grain drying three years ago. 

“I was born and raised on a farm; I get it,” Wiebe said. “Part of grain drying is a cost, and fossil fuels are expensive.” 

Timing is everything when it comes to innovation, said Wiebe. They hit the sweet spot with the BioDryAir thanks to increasing fossil fuel costs, the carbon tax and government funding initiatives to spark alternative fuel uptake. 

“We’ve converted several farms, big livestock farms, in Manitoba because the carbon tax was more than the coal (they used),” he said. “That takes guys off coal, and now they’re heating green, and they’re saving money.” 

They’ve also converted a few greenhouses in southern Ontario, including installing a 100 million BTU system in a Niagara-area greenhouse that converts construction and demolition waste into heat at a low cost. He said there is a good buy-in from the greenhouse sector with those who want to be conscientious good stewards to the environment.

“Canada is one of the biggest suppliers of biomass in the world. It’s right close to the top. Do you realize how much biomass gets burned in Canada? Next to nothing,” he said. 

“We could take 100 per cent of the Leamington greenhouses off natural gas just by diverting some of the ships that go across the ocean to Europe to go down the St. Lawrence Seaway and unload it.” 

And, he said, lower the cost of doing business. 

“(The $127,000 in funding) certainly helped us make the first step,” said Kittell. “Because it’s a very expensive project that we’ve done here, and it came in the nick of time for us.” 

The funding covered 50 per cent of the initial budget, including a concrete pad and building to cover the BioDryAir, but they went over budget to create space for future expansion. 

“When you can pin this to an actual ROI (return on investment), it’s pretty substantial,” said Wiebe. “(Farmers) know their drying costs. If I can reduce (those) by, let’s say, 60 to 70 per cent, that’s real. And the more money they spend (on fossil fuels), the more real it becomes.” 

Wiebe estimates Kittell’s ROI is around two years, and Kittell said he’s not far off. It would be spot-on if they went with wood chips instead of the more expensive pellet option as their biomass of choice. However, because the farm already had the infrastructure to store and drive wood pellets into the dryer, it made more sense to absorb the slightly higher cost for convenience. 

“I think our specific project here before funding, we were looking at maybe four years, and with the funding, we’re a year-and-a-half to two-years payback,” said Kittell. “This year would have cost $200,000 in propane to under $40,000 in wood pellets. So, the $126,000 that you’ve put down, and the government paid for the other half, you’ve paid it back in fuel essentially.” 

Kittell said he was concerned the hydro increase for running 75 amps of motors would offset the savings. However, the variable speed drives and soft-start motors meant 90 per cent were running half-speed when drying, making the cost negligible from the year before. Before he can say BioDryAir works definitively as efficiently on higher moisture corn as it did at lower moisture, he wants an entire season of use, which didn’t happen this year. 

But he’s not worried it won’t fulfill his expectations, and the cost savings may lead to expansion earlier. 

“If you’re saving 80 per cent on your fuel costs every year, that’s money you had budgeted that you can put elsewhere,” he said. “You’re talking more bins, more legs, more elevators, or you can invest land, or you can tile the land you have,” he said. 

“It opens up quite a few dollars for expansion.” 

Adopting biomass carries a higher price tag than upgrading a 20-year-old propane dryer; however, the ROI in long-term cost analysis, especially with carbon tax increases forecasted into 2030, shows significant savings. 

Even with top-of-the-line technology in place, the cost of doing business in a 10-year projection pointed towards not growing corn as the more sensical option, especially with the double and tripling of fertilizer sources in terms of dollars-per-tonne. 

“It’s come to a point where, on our operation, maximizing profits isn’t coming from maximizing yield,” he said. “It’s actually coming from reducing cost wherever we can, and this is a really good avenue for doing so.” 

James Dyck, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs engineering specialist for crop systems and the environment, said demonstrated financial business cases for alternative fuels would help in widespread adoption of the technology. 

Farmers need a profitable business and proof innovation investments will be profitable somehow.

“If we can have some solid case studies, especially on big-ticket items like grain dryers, that we can point to it can really help to showcase to farmers who are on the fence and say this really is a good idea; you could make some improvements and save some money by doing this,” said Dyck. 

A large company from Michigan recently visited Kittell’s BioDryAir unit and is interested in 18 units, said Wiebe. Business is ramping up so quickly in Ontario they hired another specialist to deal with demand. 

“We’re gearing up production; we’re gearing up by hiring more people because of what’s coming,” said Wiebe.

They are investing in a product to utilize biogas for heating. The new units will capture swine and cow manure biogas for heating systems but are approximately three years from being market ready, said Wiebe. 

“Over the next five years, we’re going to be putting a lot more money into R&D, and we believe our sales will continue to increase,” he said. 

“More farmers are going to come to our technology because fuels are going up, and our products meet the demands of where our world is going.”

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With about 90 per cent of world trade transported by sea, global shipping accounts for nearly three per cent of the world’s CO2 emissions. Maersk needs to have a carbon-neutral fleet by 2030 to meet its target of net-zero emissions by 2050.

“Yes, it’s one vessel, but it’s a prototype for a scalable carbon-neutral solution for shipping,” Morten Bo Christiansen, Maersk’s head of decarbonization, told Reuters.

Maersk said it had signed its first deal with Denmark’s REintegrate to produce roughly 10,000 tonnes of carbon neutral e-methanol, which the vessel will need to operate each year.

The company is also working on tackling challenges in securing the supply of fuel, which Christiansen pegged it at 20 million tonnes for the entire fleet. As the name suggests, green methanol is produced by using renewable sources such as biomass and solar energy.

“Let’s stop talking about fossil fuels and instead focus on scaling this prototype because it’s actually solving the problem,” he said, while declining to give a time frame for when such a market would be realistic.

Future vessels fitted with engines that can run on green methanol will be 10-15 per cent more expensive for the first years, while the cost of the fuel would cost more than twice as much as conventional bunker fuel, Christiansen said.

“The good news is that because of the amount of oil we consume we can actually start shaping a market just on our demand,” Christiansen said.

He said while Maersk would carry the costlier vessels on its balance sheets, the additional fuel cost would be shared with its customers.

“But it’s actually not that much more expensive, because even if we double our fuel cost, the impact on a pair of sneakers is less than five cents,” Christiansen added.

— Reporting for Reuters by Stine Jacobsen.

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New Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) research indicates crops growing in soils consistently treated with applied phosphorus (P) take more than their necessary share.

With a steady abundance of the nutrient, soil microbes that work to make P more available to the plant also have less work to do — which makes them lazy and less effective.

Why it matters: Opportunities to reduce applied phosphorus without losing yield are both economically and environmentally beneficial.

Tandra Fraser, an AAFC research scientist based in Prince Edward Island, was one of the main researchers involved in the culmination of a 20-year study analyzing how long-term P-management strategies influence bioavailability, and how that availability influences crop response.

Set in Manitoba’s Red River Valley, researchers looked at an organic system with no P inputs, an organic system with a single manure application in 2007, a conventional system and restored prairie grassland. Further research with these systems was also conducted in a greenhouse setting using ryegrass as the plant measure to better control other influencing factors such as the presence of weeds.

Luxury nutrients, lazy bacteria

Results indicated the soil under organic management had lower concentrations of plant-available P compared to the conventional and grassland soils. Greenhouse trials showed the biomass uptake from soils receiving no P was significantly lower for the organic management group.

However, it was also observed that P use efficiency increased in the groups with a lower rate of P applications.

Fraser says that in the conventional system the rate of plant P absorption was higher than the same application of the nutrient, but biomass didn’t increase. This indicates a “luxury uptake,” where the plants absorbed more nutrients than they could use.

“The plants were basically just being greedy. It wasn’t translating to yield at all,” she says.

It was also observed that bacteria in the P-starved systems were doing a lot more work to make what P was present available to the crop. Fraser says bacteria and fungi evolved to find P when they needed it and made up for deficiencies. Enzyme activity was therefore a lot higher in the groups where P is not applied in abundance.

“It’s fairly widespread in bacteria to turn on a gene that produces enzymes that alter phosphorus more effectively when needed… basically things become lazy when they are in an environment with a lot of bioavailable phosphorus.”

Don’t overdo it

Fraser says these revelations indicate less can sometimes be more when it comes to applying P. Limiting inputs can promote natural nutrient processes within the field while saving farmers money and reducing the risk of P loading in waterways — something which is of particular concern for farmers in the Great Lakes region.

Those interested in reducing how much P they apply can try test strips to determine any yield differences, Fraser says. Following 4R nutrient stewardship and precision nutrient application strategies also make a significant difference.

“You don’t always need a blanket application,” she says, adding alternative nutrient amendments in organic and conventional systems — such as recycled waste products — should continue to be investigated.

“I do think there should be more focus on the actual alternatives.”

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“Insect biomass has fallen by more than 75 per cent in the last 27 years in Germany,” according to the paper seen by Reuters on Wednesday, saying the main factor was the disproportionate use of herbicides and pesticides.

The ministry, led by the Social Democrats (SPD) who share power with Chancellor Angela Merkel’s conservatives, also said it planned to increase the proportion of farmed land that would have to adhere to environmental stipulations.

Conditions for fertilizer use should be extended, including making subsidies dependent on using insect-friendly chemicals, the ministry paper said.

The move to make it more difficult to get a permit to use agrochemicals follows plans drawn up by conservative Agriculture Minister Julia Kloeckner to limit the use of glyphosate herbicide.

Germany has also backed EU plans to ban neonicotinoids, insecticides that studies show can harm honey bees.

— Reporting for Reuters by Hans-Edzard Busemann; writing by Madeline Chambers.

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The Cellulosic Sugar Producers Co-operative (CSPC) has reached more than half the acres it needs to supply a new plant with biomass from wheat and corn stover.

Brian Cofell, general manager of the CSPC says that is a significant landmark for the co-operative which will be owning the plant with Comet Biorefining.

“For us we’re going to consider that a real victory,” he says.

Farmtario Editor John Greig talked to Cofell at the London Farm Show about the products coming out of the plant and the challenges with balancing the amount of biomass coming off the fields and maintaining organic matter.

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Origin Materials will be building its first commercial-scale demonstration facility in Sarnia, Ont. by late next year. It will be using bio-based feedstocks such as crops and biomass to make new polymers, surfactants and carbon blacks, which are used as fillers and color pigments.

The company has built a pilot plant in Sacramento, but was convinced to build its demonstration plant in Sarnia due to the bio-cluster growing in the Sarnia region. Sarnia historically has been Ontario’s base of chemical production from fossil fuels.

New companies in Sarnia, some co-operatives and some for profit, are converting crops into fuel and chemicals that used to be made from oil.

Sarnia-based BIC, a non-profit organization, backs bio-based businesses through several government-funded programs including its Sustainable Chemistry Alliance investment fund.

“The critical mass of infrastructure, expertise, and experience in Sarnia makes it a clear global frontrunner for commercializing industrial biochemical processes,” says John Bissell, founder and CEO of Origin Materials.

Origin’s technology takes lignocellulosic raw materials to make what it calls bio-based intermediates. Origin says it has partnerships with consumer products companies who will use Origin’s products in packaging. — AGCanada.com Network

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The funds will go towards the development of quality standards and measurement techniques for Canadian biomass, and research into overcoming technology barriers to the adoption of natural fibres in the composites industry, a news release says.

The Growing Forward 2 (GF2), AgriMarketing Program, will provide up to $982,075 to identify quality gaps and develop quality standards and measurement techniques to facilitate the commercialization of Canadian biomass in four bioproducts sectors: biomaterials, biochemical, biofuels and bioenergy.

The GF2, AgriInnovation Program, will provide up to $1.9 million for research into how the strength and quality of composites can be affected by farming practices, varieties and weather. The CIC will also develop more robust natural fibre reinforced composites, combining these fibres with plastic resins, to produce parts for buses, cars and farm equipment that have reliable performance characteristics.

The Composites Innovation Centre Manitoba Inc. (CIC) is a not-for-profit corporation that supports and stimulates economic growth through innovative research, development and the application of composite materials and technologies for manufacturing industries.

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The EPA’s long-awaited Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandates put the ethanol requirements for next year at 14.5 billion gallons, representing an increase from the agency’s May proposal and in line with figures reported by Reuters ahead of the announcement.

The long-awaited Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) mandates are likely to trigger criticism both from biofuels groups that feel the levels fall short of Congressional targets and oil firms that argue they cannot blend more renewables into gasoline.

The EPA set the total volume for renewable fuels at 16.93 billion gallons for the current year and 16.28 billion gallons for 2014, compared with a May proposal earlier this year of 16.3 billion and 15.93 billion, respectively.

That put the target for ethanol use in 2016 at 14.5 billion gallons, at 14.05 billion gallons in 2015, and at 13.61 billion gallons in 2014. That was higher than in a May proposal and slightly above expectations for modest increases.

Shares in biofuels companies rose on Monday. Pacific Ethanol stock climbed 16 per cent, Amyris Inc gained six per cent and Green Plains rose 4.4 per cent.

Renewable fuel credits, known as RINs, gained after the announcement, according to market participants. RINs are used by oil companies as an alternative way to meet EPA targets if they do not blend enough biofuels into gasoline and diesel.

Shares of refiners, who could have to face increasing renewable fuels costs or higher prices for RINs, were mostly down, with Valero Energy Corp., Marathon Petroleum Corp. and Phillips 66 all losing around one per cent.

The rule helps “provide for ambitious, achievable growth” in renewable fuels, the EPA said in the statement.

The finalized rule is expected to trigger a wave of lawsuits from oil companies, ethanol producers, and environmentalists that have lobbied heavily on both sides of the controversial policy.

The agency proposed putting a 2016 requirement of 3.61 billion gallons for advanced biofuels, with 1.9 billion for biomass-based diesel, or biodiesel, and 230 million gallons for cellulosic biofuel.

The agency also proposed setting 2017 use for biodiesel at two billion gallons.

The finalized RFS mandates had been long delayed. Congress laid out a plan in a 2007 law that outlines the amount of renewable fuels required through 2022, and the EPA is meant each year by the end of November to set the mandate for the next year.

EPA’s earlier proposal drew ire from both sides and threats of legal action. Biofuels groups said it fell short of the law’s requirements, while oil groups said it was impossible to blend greater amounts of renewables into fuels.

— Chris Prentice reports on the biofuels sector for Reuters from New York City.

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